上一讲大家谈的话题是 Competition - 竞 争。大家学了如此几个英文词语:

1 perfect competition 完全角逐2 imperfect competition 不完全角逐3 monopoly 垄断

好似大家在上一讲中提到的,完全角逐只不过一种理论研究的假设,它在现实日常是没有的。真实市场上的角逐是 imperfect competition,不完全角逐。

在这一讲中,大家要请专家进一步谈谈角逐的问题,与九十年代初澳大利亚推行全国角逐政策的状况。

1992年,当时的澳大利亚总理基廷为了鼓励角逐,促进经济进步,委托以希尔莫教授为首的一个委员会起草了一份全国角逐政策报告,并以这份报告为蓝本,1995年开始在全国推行了全国角逐政策。

澳洲广播电台金融节目主持人巴里克拉克讲解了拟定如此一项全国角逐政策的必要性:

A national policy was needed because of the increasing integration1 of Australia into a single market rather than several separate state markets. Further, with the advent2 of globalisation, Australia needed to become more competitive internationally to maintain and improve its standard of living.

巴里克拉克在他的谈话中用了如此几个词语:

1 integration 结合,整体2 globalisation 全球化3 standard of living 生活标准,生活质量

巴里克拉克说,需要拟定一项全国角逐政策,由于澳大利亚全国不断结合成为一个单一的市场而不是分别的几个州的市场。另外,因为全球化的趋势,澳大利亚需要在国际上更具备角逐能力,以保持和改变它的生活质量。

下面大家再听一遍克拉克的谈话。(略)

负责起草澳大利亚全国角逐政策的希尔莫教授介绍了这项全国角逐政策有哪些用途。他说:

Competition policy is the policies that governments enact3 in order to deal with where and how and at what level of intensity4 they want to use the force of competion in driving an economy and driving a society.
希尔莫教授说,角逐政策是政府拟定的政策,用以决定在哪一方面、怎么样与在多大程度上用角逐的力量来推进经济和社会的进步。

Now a competition policy decides where, when and how you're going to use competition as opposed to where, when and how you might use an administered system of a government or legislated5 monopoly.

目前是由角逐政策来决定在什么地方、何时与用何种办法来展开角逐。过去与其相对的是在什么地方、何时和用何种办法来实行某种管理规范,譬如由政府或法律规定的垄断。

We coined the term National Competition Policy both to emphasise6 that we needed policies about where and how competition could be better used, and to emphasise that those policies should be national.

大家创造了全国角逐政策如此一种说法,是为了强调大家需要一项关于在什么地方和怎么样更好地进行角逐,同时强调了这类政策应是全国统一的。

下面大家再听一遍希尔莫教授的谈话。(略)

澳大利亚全国角逐政策的重点之一就是把国家所有些企业也置于公平角逐之下。这一政策促进了经济的活跃进步,也引起了社会的变化。澳广金融节目主持人巴里克拉克对此作知道释:

As we try to increase competition, albeit7 imperfectly, and we embrace the market system, we're changing the way society functions. In other words, we are reducing the size of the public sector8 and increasing the size of the private sector.

克拉克说,在大家试图增加角逐时,尽管是不完全的角逐,大家就同意了市场机制,改变着社会运转的方法。换句话说,大家缩小了公营机构的规模,扩大了私有企业的规模。

Historically, when the government provided utilities to us, the relationship that existed was between citizen and government. However, as we take these utilities out of the public sector and into the private sector, then the relationship changes - we become consumers interacting with the market.
从历史上来讲,当政府为大家提供公用设施时,那种关系是公民与政府之间的关系。但,当把这类公用设施从公营转为私营之后,这种关系也随之变化,大家变成了买家,与市场相互发生影响。

And as we move from the role of citizen to consumer we lose rights to question the way these essential utilities operate in our society.

伴随大家从公民的角色转变成为买家,大家就失去了对这类基本设施在大家社会中运营方法提出质询的权利。